Bioentrepreneur

From: Subject: Bioentrepreneur Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2006 11:09:05 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6258D.958314D0"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6258D.958314D0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.nature.com/bioent/toolkit/guide/012003/pf/bioent711_pf.html Bioentrepreneur

Published=20 = online: 29 January 2003, doi:10.1038/bioent711

Perfecting your patent search

Alan Dove *=20

*Alan Dove is a freelance writer working = in=20 Philadelphia, PA.

Got a great idea for forming a company? = The Internet=20 can help you learn whether someone else has thought of it too.

To a great extent, most of the value of a startup=20 biotechnology company lies in its intellectual = property=96specifically its=20 patents. Thus, if you are planning to start a biotechnology = company, you=20 are going to need a patent for your discovery. To do that, you = need to=20 assess whether your discovery is novel and nonobvious=96more = specifically,=20 whether someone has beaten you to it. Taking a spin through a = patent=20 database can help you find out just how derivative or innovative = your=20 discovery is, and whether some other company has first dibs on = it.

Why bother?

If an invention has already been described, or a = patent for it=20 is pending or awarded, then it cannot be patented. Applying for a = patent=20 can cost tens of thousands of dollars, even if the application is=20 rejected, so a thorough search of prior art is a good investment. A patent search = is also=20 necessary to determine a company's freedom to operate, because = existing=20 patents might preclude certain strategies or make them more = expensive.

Patent searches were long viewed as the province of = well-paid=20 specialists. Unfortunately, hiring lawyers or professional patent=20 searchers was an expensive business, sometimes costing $500 or = more. Until=20 recently, many inventors found the search process intimidating, = but the=20 advent of the Internet and the rapid expansion of high-quality = databases,=20 many of them free, has taken many of the headaches out of both = patent and=20 prior-art searches.

Many experts now agree that even novices can execute = professional-quality patent searches for many purposes. Before = starting,=20 though, one should decide on the purpose of the search, which will = help=20 determine how reliable the result needs to be and whether = professional=20 help will be necessary (see "Advice from the experts").

What you need to know

Although researchers are familiar with searching the = scientific literature, few feel at ease with the patent = literature.=20 However, all a good patent search takes is a spin through the = right patent=20 databases. The links provided in the tool kit provide you with a = place to=20 start.

The first problem you will encounter when looking = for patents=20 that could invalidate the patentability of your latest discovery = or=20 technology is that many countries have their own patent offices, = and thus=20 an invalidating patent may be hidden away in a database rather off = the=20 beaten path. Many Internet sites offer databases that claim to be = a=20 one-stop resource, collating patents from all the main national = and=20 international databases. Though private databases may offer = collated data=20 from many patent offices, the best starting point is generally the = free=20 online databases of national patent offices, and the best approach = is an=20 iterative forward-and-backward approach that should be familiar to = most=20 graduate students.

In addition to searching the patents of multiple = nations, you=20 may need to find all of the prior art in an area, including = results=20 reported in research papers and at conferences. Remember, a patent = worth=20 millions of dollars could be invalidated by a single abstract = printed in=20 an obscure publication years ago.

The search itself

Begin with broad search terms, or keywords, that = cover an=20 area, or else list many specific terms that are related to a = particular=20 technology. When researching protein and DNA patents, remember = that genes=20 and proteins often have multiple names, and try to use as many as=20 possible. Narrow the search until a reasonable number of records = is=20 retrieved, then begin reading the patent abstracts to find = additional=20 terms that can narrow or broaden the search as needed.

In addition to keywords, pay attention to the = classifications=20 of patents, the inventors' names, and citations. Classifications = are used=20 by patent offices to group particular patents together, and once = the=20 relevant classifications have been found, browsing through them = can yield=20 new discoveries. The inventors listed on a patent may have other = patents,=20 probably on related technologies. Like a research paper, a patent = will=20 also cite earlier patents, and will be cited by later ones=97most = databases=20 now provide links to both types of citations. By thoroughly = tracing links=20 through classifications, inventors, and citations, it should be = possible=20 to uncover most of the relevant patents in a given country.

To search internationally, look for the = International Patent=20 Classification System category of a relevant patent, and use that = as a=20 starting point in another national database. Some national-level=20 databases, particularly those of the European Union and German = patent=20 offices, also provide tools for direct searches on patents in = other=20 countries. European patents are generally available in English, = and Japan=20 is rapidly translating its patents into English as well.

Patentability searches should extend beyond patents, = to=20 research publications cataloged in PubMed and even to more specific databases of = more=20 specialized or technical articles, such as the Thomson ISI's Biotechnology Citation Index or the Web=20 of Science.

In addition, you should be searching the grant = databases of=20 major funding organizations such as the US National Institutes of Health. Finally, = conference=20 proceedings, faculty CVs, and departmental web sites can be = searched=20 surprisingly thoroughly with standard Internet tools like Google.

Web Links

Encyclopedia = of Life=20 Sciences Patenting genes and their products =

=A9 Nature Publishing = Group

Privacy = Policy

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